The categories
Enterprise
Generally beyond what an early MSO-PC group needs, and the contracting is correspondingly heavy.
Mid-market and technology-enabled
Small-practice billing services
A large, fragmented market of regional and specialty billing companies, typically 5–50 people. How to find a good one: ask other practices in your specialty and market. This segment does not advertise well and quality varies enormously between firms that look identical on a website. What separates good from adequate: specialty depth, denial management discipline (do they work denials, or just submit claims?), reporting transparency, and whether they will push fixes upstream into your front-end workflow.Specialty-specific
Worth seeking out, because payer quirks are specialty-specific:Offshore and hybrid
Common and legitimate at volume. Two things to establish explicitly: Ask directly whether PHI is accessed offshore, by whom, under what controls, and in which country. The vendor is a business associate and remains directly liable under HIPAA regardless of where the work is performed, but you should know, and your BAA should address it. Also confirm who bears liability for errors made offshore, and how escalation works across time zones when a claim needs same-day attention.Pricing bands
Directional. Percentage of net collections is the dominant model.
Percentage scales your cost with success for a service whose cost to serve does not scale proportionally. Renegotiate as volume grows — vendors expect it.
The contract terms checklist
Non-negotiable items when signing any RCM vendor:- “Collections” defined precisely. All cash received, or only what the vendor collected? Front-desk copays? Claims submitted before the engagement? This single definition can swing the effective rate by several points.
- Data rights on termination. All claim, remittance, AR, and correspondence data, in a usable format, within a stated number of days, at no additional charge.
- Performance SLAs with remedies, days to submission, days to first denial action, clean claim rate, days in AR, AR over 90 days, plus a fee reduction or termination right if missed.
- Termination terms, notice, transition assistance, no penalty for termination on a missed SLA.
- BAA, with offshore access disclosed.
- Coding responsibility retained by the PC, with clinicians able to reject a coding change.
- You retain payer relationships — enrollment, credentialing, and contracting stay yours, or you cannot change vendors.
- Reporting you will actually receive, at a stated cadence, with named metrics.
- Audit rights over the vendor’s work on your account.
- Escalation path with named contacts and response times.
Evaluating a candidate
Ask for:- References in your specialty and at your scale, and call them
- Their clean claim rate and days in AR across comparable clients
- Their denial management process, specifically, do they root-cause and report upstream?
- Sample reporting, actual reports, not a mockup
- Who works your account, a named team, or a pool?
- How they handle your multi-entity structure, separate reporting per PC?
- What they need from you, a vendor that expects nothing from your front end is not managing denials